Laura
Mulvey (1975) argued women in the media are used as; ‘Erotic objects of desire
for males on screen and in the audience,’ (Mulvey, 1975).
Gauntlett
(2002) argues males in the media still follow traditional stereotypes as they
are shown as, ‘Alpha males who control the action with violence,’ (Gauntlett,
2002).
Mackillon
argues something slightly difference, ‘Males are now shown as sexual objects of
desire who are more concerned with image,’ (Mackillon, 2002).
Race/Ethnicity
S.Hall said in 1981, blacks are stereotyped
as; "The social problem," (Hall, 1981) and this is a stereotype that
has been embraced by Hip-Hop culture.
Theorist Sarita Malik points out the obvious
1998); “The word ‘race’ in the cultural and political terrain has almost
universally been aligned with Black and Asian people, as though they are the
only racial groups that ‘own’ an ethnicity… Whiteness has been naturalized, as though it is an invisible
‘norm.’ When it is of course an ethnic group like any other.
Malik argues: “Many feel that Black and Asian audiences are still not sufficiently catered for and that insensitivity towards issues of race and ethnicity still exist. The reality of a lived multiculturalism is not represented in the British media."
Malik argues: “Many feel that Black and Asian audiences are still not sufficiently catered for and that insensitivity towards issues of race and ethnicity still exist. The reality of a lived multiculturalism is not represented in the British media."
Youth
Stanley Hall (1904):
“ Adolescence is inherently a time of
storm & stress when all young people go through some degree of emotional
and behavioural upheaval, before establishing a more stable equilibrium at
adulthood." Hall also argued that:
1. The common mood of teenagers is a state of depression.
2. Criminal activity increases between the ages of 12 & 24.
3. Young people are extreme and need excitement; “Youth must have excitement and if this is not at hand in the form of moral intellectual enthusiasms it is more prone to be sought in; sex, drink or drugs.”
1. The common mood of teenagers is a state of depression.
2. Criminal activity increases between the ages of 12 & 24.
3. Young people are extreme and need excitement; “Youth must have excitement and if this is not at hand in the form of moral intellectual enthusiasms it is more prone to be sought in; sex, drink or drugs.”
Dick Hebdige (1988) argued youths are stereotyped as mixed
metaphors of; “Youth as fun,” and “Youth as trouble maker.”
OLD AGE/DISABILITY
EVANS (1998), drawing on the works of Freud and other
psychoanalysis, states:
“Disable people are seen as childish, dependant and
underdeveloped and are regarding as ‘other’ and are punished by being excluded from
ordinary life. Thus popular images and rhetoric of disabled people abound which
comfort us with people who are imperfect, helpless, disgusting, shitty,
dribbling – a threat to rigid ego boundaries.
Class
Richard Butsch (1992) who says working class males
in the media are presented as; "Incompetent and
ineffectual, often a buffoon, well-intentioned but dumb. In almost all
working-class series, the male is flawed, some more than others..
Keith Gandal's, in 2007 he said that target
audiences are drawn in by the; "Sentimental rags-to-riches story,"
Regional/National
Identity
Theorist Andrew Higson (1998) writes; “Identity is generally understood to be the
shared identity of naturalized inhabitants of a particular political-geographic
space – this can be a particular nation or region.”
On classic example in British Music Magazines of connoting it is a magazine for British readers is using the Union Jack flag and colours.
On classic example in British Music Magazines of connoting it is a magazine for British readers is using the Union Jack flag and colours.
